Bhāvaviveka ［清弁］ (c. 490–570) (;  Shōben): Also known as Bhavya. An Indian Buddhist scholar of Mādhyamika philosophy. He is the founder of the Svātantrika school, one of the two schools of Mādhyamika, the other being the Prāsangika school led by his contemporary, Buddhapālita. Born to the royal family in Magadha, India, Bhāvaviveka studied the Mahayana sutras and Nāgārjuna’s works under Samgharakshita, a Mādhyamika scholar. Later, he wrote The Treatise on the Lamp of Wisdom ( Prajnā-pradīpa), a commentary on Nāgārjuna’s Verses on the Middle Way (Madhyamaka-kārikā), in which he criticized Buddhapālita’s method of demonstrating the truth of non-substantiality. As a result, the Mādhyamika school split into two. To demonstrate the truth of non-substantiality, Bhāvaviveka adopted Dignāga’s method of Buddhist logic. He wrote The Heart of the Middle Way (Madhyamaka-hridaya) in which he criticized the doctrine of the Vijnānavāda, or Consciousness-Only, school. Dharmapāla of the Consciousness-Only school retorted Bhāvaviveka’s criticisms. Bhāvaviveka took the position that all phenomena are interdependent and have no independent existence of their own, or are non-substantial in nature. Dharmapāla asserted that phenomena arise from consciousness (vijnāna), which is the only reality. (The Sanskrit words mādhyamika and madhyamaka both mean intermediate or middle.)