Anti-Lokāyata school ［逆路伽耶陀］ (;  Gyakurokayada): A non-Buddhist school in ancient India that is thought to have arisen in opposition to the Lokāyata school. Both schools existed in Shakyamuni’s time. The Lokāyata school, also known as the Chārvāka school, argued that people are made of earth, water, fire, and wind, and that they have neither a previous life nor a next life. Followers of the school obeyed the conventions and trends of the world, including public opinion, and expounded a materialist and hedonistic doctrine. In Shakyamuni’s time, Ajita Kesakambala, one of the six non-Buddhist teachers, expounded such a doctrine. The Anti-Lokāyata school taught that one should oppose the conventions of the world and tried to refute the Lokāyata followers. The “Peaceful Practices” (fourteenth) chapter of the Lotus Sutra reads, “They [bodhisattvas] should not associate closely with non-Buddhists, Brahmans, or Jains, or with those who compose works of secular literature or books extolling the heretics, nor should they be closely associated with Lokāyatas or Anti-Lokāyatas.”