Kosala ［憍薩羅国］ (, Pali;  Kyōsara-koku): Also known as Koshala. A kingdom of ancient India, in the eastern part of what is now Uttar Pradesh, India’s northern state. Around the sixth century b.c.e., i.e., during Shakyamuni’s lifetime, Kosala was one of the sixteen great states in India and, along with Magadha, one of the two greatest powers in the subcontinent. The capital was Shrāvastī. Kosala was a center for Shakyamuni’s activities; after his enlightenment, he frequently visited and preached in Shrāvastī, and often spent the rainy season there. In Shakyamuni’s time, the king of Kosala was Prasenajit, a follower of the Buddha who aided the spread of Buddhism. Kapilavastu, the small kingdom of the Shākyas from which Shakyamuni came, was a subject state of Kosala. Jetavana Monastery, donated by Sudatta to the Buddhist Order, was on the outskirts of Shrāvastī. Kosala expanded its frontiers, placing its southern neighbor, the kingdom of Kāshī, under its rule and vying with Magadha for control of the Ganges Valley. When Ajātashatru, the son of the Magadhan king Bimbisāra, ascended the throne, he waged war on Kosala. Though they had competed for territory until that time, these two kingdoms had been on generally good terms because the wife of Bimbisāra was the sister of Prasenajit. The war turned out to be a long one, and Ajātashatru defeated Kosala during the reign of Prasenajit’s son, Virūdhaka.