Clarification of the Schools Based on T’ien-t’ai’s Doctrine, A ［依憑天台集］ ( Ehyō-tendai-shū or Ebyō-tendai-shū): A work written in 813 by Dengyō, the founder of the Japanese Tendai school. It shows how the Buddhist teachers and scholars in China based their thought on T’ien-t’ai’s doctrines and, on this basis, refutes the errors of the True Word (Chin Chen-yen;  Shingon), Flower Garland (Hua-yen; Kegon), Three Treatises (San-lun; Sanron), Dharma Characteristics (Fa-hsiang; Hossō), and other schools. Thus it asserts the superiority of the T’ien-t’ai teaching over the doctrines of the other schools. In 816 Dengyō wrote the preface to this work, in which he stated: “The True Word school of Buddhism that has recently been brought to Japan deliberately obscures how its transmission was falsified in its recording [by I-hsing, who was deceived by Shan-wu-wei], while the Flower Garland school that was introduced earlier attempts to disguise the fact that it was influenced by the doctrines of T’ien-t’ai. The Three Treatises school, which is so infatuated with the concept of emptiness, has forgotten Chia-hsiang’s humiliation, and conceals the fact that he was completely won over to the T’ien-t’ai teachings by Chang-an. The Dharma Characteristics school, which clings to the concept of being, denies that its leader Chih-chou was converted to the teachings of the T’ien-t’ai school, and that Liang-pi used those teachings in interpreting the Benevolent Kings Sutra. . . . Now with all due circumspection I have written A Clarification of the Schools Based on T’ien-t’ai’s Doctrine in one volume to present to wise men of later times who share my convictions.”