four improper ways of livelihood [四邪命食・四不浄食・四食] ( shi-jamyōjiki, shi-fujōjiki, or shi-jiki): Four illicit ways for a monk to obtain a living. They are to earn his livelihood (1) by cultivating the land or selling herbs, (2) by making astrological predictions, (3) by fawning on persons of authority or persons of wealth, and (4) by fortune-telling.