five improper ways of livelihood [五邪・五種邪命] ( go-ja or goshu-jamyō): Five ways of gaining a livelihood deemed improper for monks: (1) assuming an air of superiority, (2) advertising one’s powers and virtue, (3) fortune telling, (4) hectoring and bullying, and (5) praising an almsgiver in order to obtain alms. In any event, preaching for the purpose of gaining wealth was forbidden to monks.