ten schools ［十宗］ ( jisshū): The ten Buddhist schools of Japan often referred to collectively in Japanese Buddhist works. They are the Dharma Analysis Treasury (Kusha), Establishment of Truth (Jōjitsu), Precepts (Ritsu), Dharma Characteristics (Hossō), Three Treatises (Sanron), Flower Garland (Kegon), Tendai, True Word (Shingon), Zen, and Pure Land (Jōdo) schools. All except the Zen school appeared in Japan before the Kamakura period (1185–1333), while the Zen school emerged early in that period. When Gyōnen (1240–1321), a priest of the Flower Garland school, wrote The Essentials of the Eight Schools, he also referred to two newer schools, Zen and Pure Land, thereby covering the ten schools of his day.