sea of the sufferings of birth and death ［生死の苦海］ ( shōji-no-kukai): Also, sea of suffering. The sufferings of transmigration in the six paths, which are endless and difficult to overcome. They are compared to the ocean, which is vast and difficult to cross. In this context, the term other shore or reaching the other shore is used as an analogy for enlightenment, or emancipation from transmigration in the six paths.